Principles of ethical hacking and penetration testing using Kali Linux, Nessus, Metasploit Framework, and Tor. Reconnaissance/Footprinting, weaponization, privilege escalation, exfiltration. Scanning networks; enumeration; sniffing; vulnerability analysis. Denial-of-Service attacks; web apps hacking and patching; SQL injection & parameter binding. Buffer overflow attacks and defenses. Introduction to hacking wireless networks and IoT. Structured security testing aimed at finding focused security vulnerabilities, flaws, risks and unreliable environments.